Kerala mural painting theory?

 

Kerala Mural Painting Theory

Kerala mural painting is a distinctive traditional art form that evolved in the Indian state of Kerala, primarily between the 9th and 19th centuries. This art form, deeply rooted in Hindu mythology and temple culture, follows a well-defined theoretical foundation based on ancient Indian art principles, particularly the Shilpa Shastra and Vishnudharmottara Purana.

1. Theoretical Foundations

The theoretical aspects of Kerala mural painting are guided by classical Indian treatises such as:

• Vishnudharmottara Purana – A critical text outlining painting techniques, color usage, and the importance of aesthetics.
• Shilpa Shastra – Provides guidelines on iconography, proportions, and compositions in traditional Indian art.
• Chitrasutra of the Vishnudharmottara Purana – Discusses the significance of artistic expression, symbolism, and idealized human proportions in painting.

These texts emphasize the spiritual and philosophical essence of painting rather than mere visual representation.

2. Symbolism and Iconography

Kerala mural paintings primarily depict Hindu deities, celestial beings, and mythological narratives. Each figure follows strict iconographic conventions:

• Deities and Divine Figures – Lord Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna, and Devi are commonly portrayed with distinctive attributes.
• Color Symbolism – Colors in Kerala mural paintings hold deep meanings:
  • Red – Represents valor and power (used for divine energy).
  • Green – Symbolizes tranquility and prosperity (used for Vishnu and peaceful deities).
  • Blue – Denotes cosmic energy and the divine (used for Krishna and Shiva).
  • Yellow/Gold – Indicates purity and knowledge (used for enlightened beings).
• Mudras and Gestures – Hand gestures (mudras) convey emotions, divine blessings, and narrative depth in the paintings.

3. Principles of Composition and Style

Kerala murals adhere to specific artistic principles:

• Panchavarna (Five-Color System) – The paintings primarily use five natural pigments (red, yellow, green, black, and white) derived from minerals and plants.
• Sthayi Bhava (Permanent Emotion) – Each mural reflects a dominant emotion, such as devotion, love, or power, enhancing the spiritual experience.
• Perspective and Depth – Unlike Western perspective techniques, Kerala murals use hierarchical scaling, where larger figures indicate greater divine importance.
• Ornamentation and Detailing – The intricate designs, floral motifs, and decorative elements enrich the visual storytelling.

4. Technique and Execution

The traditional Kerala mural technique follows a rigorous process:

• Surface Preparation – Walls are coated with lime plaster mixed with organic materials.
• Drawing (Lekhana) – The outline is created using natural charcoal or red ochre.
• Color Application – Natural pigments are mixed with coconut water and applied layer by layer.
• Final Polishing – The painting is burnished for durability and brightness.

5. Philosophical and Aesthetic Significance

Kerala mural painting is not just an art form but a sacred visual medium. It aligns with Indian aesthetic theories such as:

• Rasa Theory (Navarasa) – The emotional impact of the artwork should invoke spiritual and devotional feelings.
• Dhyanam (Meditation Tool) – Murals serve as visual aids for meditation and devotion, especially in temples.

Conclusion

Kerala mural painting theory is deeply rooted in classical Indian aesthetics, mythology, and spirituality. It follows strict iconographic principles while emphasizing emotional depth and visual storytelling. Even today, the tradition continues to be revered and preserved, with artists innovating within its rich theoretical framework.